Distance learning Essay

According to the National Center for Education Statistics (1999) of the U. S. Department of Education, technological innovations especially in information and communications technology (ICT) has precipitated a revolution in the delivery of distance learning education, especially in the postsecondary level of education. To argue that distance learning education has come to stay and has changed perceptions and attitudes of education delivery is perhaps one without contention. Management guru, Peter Drucker has even gone as far as to say traditional on-campus university education will be defunct in 30 years. Focussing of three seminal areas of advantage – flexibility and convenience, resource cost, and accessibility – this paper will argue that earning a degree through distance learning education is better than through a traditional institution. One of the fundamental advantages that distance learning degree programs have over residential on-campus programs is flexibility and convenience. For me, location is one of the most important considerations for choosing a degree program. Questions like: Do I really want to relocate to earn a degree? Will I like my new location? nd Will I get a visa to travel to this location to study for a degree? are important considerations that I will have to deal with when choosing an on-campus degree program. These considerations helped me in choosing to do a degree program in law by distance study. My choice of a distance study program made it convenient for me to stay in my own locality while still having access to quality education that is commensurate with on-campus equivalents. Moreover, a lot of distance learning programs come with the benefit of self pacing one’s education; a benefit which I had by pursuing my law degree as a distance study student. My schedule allowed me to complete the course in two years and I was able to plan my education to fit into my schedule without any major disruptions. Thus, apart from being able to earn a degree, I had the advantage of not putting on hold other things that are equally important to me. Family and career commitments for example, did not have to suffer because I had chosen to earn a degree. With distance learning education, I was able to conveniently earn a degree in the comfort of my home. The fear of resigning from a permanent job to study and the financial and career implications of such a decision did not arise at all. More importantly, as my present career is in the area of my study, it gave me the opportunity to readily apply the knowledge gained in my distance learning education to my work. Consequently, I had greater opportunities of upward mobility in my career aspirations than I would have had if I had studied through the traditional on-campus method. Another major advantage I had by earning my degree by distance learning is the fact that it is more cost effective in comparison to traditional on-campus university education. I was able to utilise time more effectively when studying for my degree through distance learning education. The time I would have spent commuting to lectures was spent more usefully to study. Apart from the time constraints that on-campus programs are plagued with, commuting also brings additional financial cost. This was not a problem for me as I studied at home. Furthermore, fees for distance learning programs tend to be lower than on-campus programs as the distance learning student does not use the physical facilities of the institution providing the degree program. In my specific situation, I paid less for accessing the same quality of education I would have had if I had studied on an on-campus program. The cost of maintaining expensive on-campus facilities will invariably be passed on to the on-campus student. One of the most important considerations for on-campus students is accommodation. If one has a family and is studying far from one’s family home, the most obvious solution would be to maintain two separate accommodations. For parents financing their children’s on-campus university education, they may be paying for two accommodations at the same time – the family accommodation, and their children’s on-campus accommodation. This duplication of expenditure was unnecessary in my case as I studied from home. Thus with distance learning education, one can have access to the same quality of on-campus education at a much reduced resource cost. Evidently, there are so many advantages that can be argued in favour of distance study education. However, for the specific purposes of this paper, the final consideration that will be argued in favour of distance learning education is the better level of accessibility to course moderators and tutors. One of the increasingly pervasive features of distance learning education is the availability of a personal tutor. While studying by distance education for example, I had access to a personal tutor who I could contact through various communication devices like email and telephone. Thus though the argument may be made that on-campus programs offer a personal touch to the learning process, this is not lost in distance learning education. The issue of spontaneity in response to questions have been said to be an advantage of on-campus education over distance learning education. On closer scrutiny however, it can be realised that this advantage is perhaps even greater in certain circumstances when one is studying by distance study. In the first place, ICT makes it possible for communication to be instantaneous and as such, spontaneity is no longer an exceptional feature of on-campus education. If I had a question, I easily called my personal tutor and he discussed the question with me. Also, through the use of web technologies like discussion forums, and discussion boards, in-depth discussions amongst course participants were held online and this greatly enhanced my learning process. The use of personal tutors in a lot of distance study programs also makes it possible for peculiar educational needs to be addressed in a customized manner. Also, the accessibility that distance learning education brings makes it possible for more people to earn quality education on a wider scale than would have been possible through traditional institutional means. The use of revolutionary open source online learning programs like Moodle breaks the restrictions that are associated with accessing traditional on-campus degree programs. A global community can thus access distance learning degree programs that they would have otherwise not been able to access. The above presentation has advanced the advantages that earning a degree by distance learning education has over traditional on-campus degree programs. This paper has considered three key advantages – convenience and flexibility, resource cost, and accessibility – while conceding that the considered areas reflect only a limited perspective of the colossal advantages that distance learning education has over traditional on-campus programs. In conclusion, it is again affirmed that based on the justifications and advantages adduced, limited though they may be, earning a degree by distance learning education is far better than earning a degree through the traditional institution system.

The Necessity of Ethics in Criminal Justice

Erazo Criminal Justice April 15, 2013 Prompt: Give an account of the role of ethics and its significance to the functions of the criminal justice system in America, and describe its impact on crime and social control. The Necessity of Ethics in Criminal Justice The role of ethics is important to the criminal justice system as well as the government because it helps maintains social control and crime control. Over time the role of ethics has adapted in every aspect of the criminal justice system.Without the role of ethics there would be corruption; the law would have little meaning because its application would be undependable (citation. ) The criminal justice system, which works along with the government, has a great impact of how people treat each other, therefore the role of ethics is not only important for the law but for society as well. Of course there are differences in ethics; depending on certain occupations ones ethics will vary, but the overall role of ethics is to â€Å"d evelop personal qualities such as: courage, honesty, confidentiality, law-abiding behavior reproach and exemplary in nature† (cite 3. It is important for our defense attorneys, police officers, and judges to practice the role of ethics to maintain a stable criminal justice system. It is important to have ethics in the criminal justice system because it prevents corruption, brutality and racial discrimination. Without the role of ethics, the criminal justice system would not be where it’s at today. It abides by the supreme law of the land which falls under the preamble of the constitution which is the Bills of Rights.The Bill of Rights makes sure to protect every citizen’s rights no matter the gender, race or other discriminatory factors. The criminal justice system holds true to these factors which reduce corruption, brutality and racial discrimination. There would be corruption in the CJS (Criminal Justice System) by police corruption. There would be police corr uption by extortion: demanding money for not writing traffic tickets, and bribery: accepting money in exchange for not enforcing the law. Police corruption carries high costs in many ways.The first way of corruption is that police corruption detracts from the integrity of police authority and tarnishes the image the public view law enforcement. The public expect authorities to be honest and to treat everybody equally. The lack of law enforcement adds on to the increase of crime rates because authority is influencing negative behavior by not stopping crime. Secondly, it protects other criminal activities that deal with prostitution and drugs. The police are being bribed of not enforcing the law by the exchange of money. Criminals offer lucrative sources of income for organized crime.This means that a criminal would pay a police officer a certain amount of money to let a crime happen and the police would prevent law enforcement regulations upon them. What is usually seen in police cor ruption is called narcotic corruption. Narcotic corruption is â€Å"an inevitable consequence of drug enforcement,† (Cliff Notes-Police Corruption. ) Police officers are being offered either lucrative income or share some of the profit being made from the drugs that are being brought because of the prevention of law enforcement these officers are taking a part of.Providers of these services and illegal goods use part of their profits to bribe the police in order to ensure the continuation of criminal enterprises. If authority is not giving out the prime example of enforcing the law, what are the expectations of the citizens following them? Police corruption adds on to crimes, therefore following the role of ethics is strictly important to prevent incidents of police corruption to keep happening. The role of ethics makes sure to reduce police corruption if not eliminate it.To catch the violating officers, the criminal justice system holds special investigation commissions and auditors. Police corruption has been reduced tremendously by teaching officers the role of ethics as well. Another reason why the role of ethics is important to the criminal justice system is because of police brutality. In the year 1982, the federal government funded a study named, â€Å"Police Services Study,† in which thirteen percent of 12,000 people interviewed were abused by police brutality.Studies such as the Police Services Study show that most brutality is pressed against minority groups (Cliff Notes- Police Brutality. ) Police brutality ties in with racial discrimination against minority groups. There is also discrimination against homosexuals that are abused by police officers. When police officers are charged in court for brutality, they claim that they used the contempt of cop and situational variables which means that they attacked the criminal in self defense.The way that brutality is being prevented is not only by the role of ethics, but also by the internal affairs unit which means that units investigate complaints against officers to see if there is any suspicions of corruption, complains of brutality or other kinds of excessive force. After the police beating of Rodney King in 1991, the inspection general position was established to monitor citizen complaints dealing with police brutality and racial discrimination. What often ties in with police brutality is racial discrimination.Racial discrimination is mostly aimed towards Hispanics and African Americans. A study done in 1994 through 1995 of a group of 90,000 middle school and high school teenagers were surveyed to see how they would turn out to be in the year 2008. The study in 2008 states that the majority of the teenagers that were surveyed in 1994 that were African Americans had higher statistics of being arrested, incarcerated, and received long criminal sentences. The majority of journalism reports stated that, â€Å"more than white men, African American men engage in violen ce—and, on average, their IQs are lower. (Psychology Today. ) The study was more focused on the race of the individual instead of focusing on if the criminal justice system was fair to every single one of these individuals; it was not focused on seeing if the African Americans were discriminated or if they were abused brutality by police officers, instead they focused on their IQ levels and skin color as leading factors to see why African Americans engaged in violence more than the common white man. Criminal Justice cases state that African Americans have faced discrimination since the era of slavery.Ever since then they have been treated unfairly in every aspect of social factors. African Americans have suffered discrimination because of their skin color. The discrimination of African Americans initially began through the system of slavery, and then continued onto the pattern of segregation as well as legislative decisions that have encouraged discrimination against African Americans. Legislative encouraged discrimination of African Americans by considering Africans as property when they were slaves.After slaves were free there was still discrimination because government didn’t want to give them their rights. Since then African Americans have been fighting to be equal. Even centuries after the slavery era, African Americans are still being discriminated not only in a social standpoint but in the criminal justice system as well by racial discrimination. The role of ethics tries to teach their police officers to not be judgmental because of a stereotype or skin color.They try to predict if the accused person is guilty based on evidence instead of gender, race and economic status in cons of if they are a minority group. The role of ethics of course does not only surround itself by making sure there is no corruption, brutality and race discrimination, but also it prides itself in the way they hold their morals in the criminal justice system. There m orals are to develop personal qualities such as courage, honesty, confidentiality, and law abiding behavior to everybody involved in the criminal justice system.The counselors that are involved in the criminal justice system make sure to keep the accused or criminals personal information confidential unless it is a threatening act against another person or a group of people. The reason this ethic is important to the CJS is because if the code of confidentiality is broken, it could not only hurt the person who was betrayed but it also affects the way society views the system. The role of ethics impacts the way people view society.Even every day people practice the role of ethics; it could be in other areas but they have similar methods. It is crucial that defense attorneys, judges, and police officers abide by the role of ethics. Defense attorneys need to abide by the role of ethics when defending the accused by making sure they don’t give false testimony during their trial; t his keeps the CJS fair. Defense attorneys are expected to make sure that the information presented in court is true and that the person speaking against or for the accused is giving true information as well.Police officers are expected to follow the role of ethics as well by treating all accused and victims by their rights and to not arrest or approach them with brutality or arrest and treat a person unjustly just because of their race. Judges as well are expected to follow the code of ethics by making court decisions based on the information presented and not on racial factors, gender and other factors that could sway a person to be discriminatory against somebody.The code of ethics is very important in crime and social control because it helps reduce crime by establishing a platform on which authorities follow to ensure that everybody being tried is given an equal trial. When the criminal justice system had not established the code of ethics, African Americans and homosexuals were treated brutally by police officers. Police officers would beat them and sometimes unjustly accuse them of accusing a crime even though they did not do it. As well as judges and cases brought to the justice system, they would discriminate and state that the verdict is guilty.There were all types of corruption in the criminal justice system starting from the basic authority such as police officers following to defense attorneys and finishing off with judges who are one of the most valued authorities. Even when not dealing with crime, like for example parole officers who deal with juvenile delinquents, they are to enforce what the court says to be followed by the convicted offenders. If they do not enforce the law, the person might reoffend causing more hard due to poor ethics by officers causing more problems for the criminal justice system.The role of ethics gives every citizen the right to be treated equally when being accused of a crime. It implies that every person would not be treated differently because of a social discriminatory factor therefore keeping the CJS honest and law abiding. Ethics help keep social and crime control mainly through studying ethics because it is possible to define unethical behavior. It is important to have the capacity to point to moral reasoning in justifying behavior, and the study of ethics develops that capacity.The impact the role of ethics has on the criminal justice system is a positive one for it prides in honesty and law abiding factors; by implying the role of ethics, the public trusts the system more causing less chaos. Works Cited â€Å"The American System of Criminal Justice: Innocent Until Proven Guilty. † The American System of Criminal Justice: Innocent Until Proven Guilty. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. http://www. stimmel-law. com/articles/criminaljustice_us. html â€Å"Criminal Justice: Police Corruption. † Criminal Justice: Police Corruption. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. ttp://www. cliffs notes. com/study_guide/Police-Corruption. topicArticleId-10065,articleId-9979. html â€Å"Criminal Justice: Police Brutality. † Criminal Justice: Police Brutality. N. p. , n. d. Web. Spring 2013. http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/Police-Brutality. topicArticleId-10065,articleId-9975. html â€Å"No Discrimination†¦ | Facebook. † No Discrimination†¦ | Facebook. N. p. , n. d. Web. Aug. 2012. http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/the-bejeezus-out-me/201303/no-discrimination-in-the-criminal-justice-system â€Å"The Importance of Ethics in Criminal Justice. † N. p. , n. d. Web.

British Airways Performance Analysis Assignment - 1

British Airways Performance Analysis - Assignment Example The above ratios reveal the comparative performance of BA for the two years under consideration. Profitability- wise operating profit ratio has registered a commendable performance in 2008 as compared to 2007. In fact ‘the operating profit margin measures the percentage of each sales dollar remaining after all cost other than interest, taxes, and preferred stock dividend are deducted. It represents pure profits earned on each dollar.†(Lawrence J Gitman, page 67) The performance of BA has been excellent raising its operating profit ratio from 7.09% in 2007 to 10% in 2008 despite the fact that the rise in revenue is merely 3%. In the year 2007 total revenue was  £ 8492m and that has risen only to  £ 8753m. The extremely good profitability performance is again corroborated by the fact that return on equity has gone up from a mere 8.39% to 21.74%. Such a large increase in return on equity is remarkable when the total equity has risen from  £ 2411m in 2007 to  £ 3233m. Overall BA has performed extremely well on profitability front. Liquidity has been a problem for BA in both years. Liquidity reflects the short term solvency situation of a company. Liquidity position provides an idea about whether the company is in a position to meet its short term obligations when those become due. Liquidity of a company is aptly reflected by its current ratio. The current ratio of 2:1 is considered optimum for any industry, but this standard again differs from industry to industry. BA has a current ratio of 0.95: 1 in 2007 and 0.97:1 in 2008. By any standard, the current ratio is much lower than the required standard. BA is facing a liquidity crunch and if it continues like this BA might face difficulties in meeting its short term obligations. Current ratio change in 2008 when compared to 2007 is not even noticeable. The contributing major factors to the deteriorating the liquid position of BA are current interest-bearing deposits that have depleted from  £ 1642m in 2007 to  £ 1181m in 2008. Liquidity is certainly a cause of concern for BA.  

Individual report 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual report 1 - Essay Example I also looked at the systems for supporting decision making, and in particular, I looked the DSS system and how it is used in the company. This information was retrieved from prior reviewed books and from the internet. The main challenge faced throughout the research period is getting time to go through the books in order to get the information. With the tight schedule at the University, it was somewhat challenging to go through all the available books that are related to this study. This would have further improved on the report. Another challenge that I faced when writing the report is; not knowing where to begin from. This is because, there is a lot of information on the topic and picking out the most crucial and relevant information was giving me some challenges. It was crucial that I do not lose focus in the specific area of attention in order to make sure that the whole report has a clear flow of ideas so that the readers do not get confused. In future I plan to reduce and even overcome these challenges by taking a number of steps. To begin with, proper planning will be crucial in the success of any future project. This is by allocating a time in a day to complete a section at a time. This will help me be able to balance all my class assignments. The second step of overcoming the challenges is to read and understand the requirements of an assignment. This will make sure that when I gather information, I do so with an aim of getting certain information. This will save on time and will reduce the risk of getting confused. This is because, instead of gathering a pool of general information about a topic, I will be able to only gather information that is relevant to the question asked under a topic. Finally, time management will be crucial; this is by starting on an assignment immediately other than assuming that there is plenty of time to do it. This will help me deal with any unexpected issue that may arise while working o n a paper. This

Field Trip # 1 Market Segmentation - Cereal and Toothpast Essay

Field Trip # 1 Market Segmentation - Cereal and Toothpast - Essay Example o Apple Cinnamon Cereal, Total Cereal, Sunbelt Fruit and Nut Granola Cereal, Wheaties Cereals, ShopRite Scrunch Crunchy cereals-16Oz, Fiber One Original Bran Cereal and Erew Rice Twice (Athanassopoulos 15). There are two market segments targeted by the supermarket. They are looking at their customers on two segmentations. The first is done according to demographic such as gender, age, and social class and the second is based on lifestyles such as retired couples, urban professionals, and singles among others. Market segmentation helps the management of the supermarket to identify target customers and to know what motivates them to purchase the cereals. By undertaking market segmentation, it is possible for the supermarket to ensure every single detail of the product, including the size, taste, and price will appeal the target market. The cereals have been strategically positioned over the counter in three levels, the top, middle, and bottom. The lower level cereals are targeted for children, the middle for the youth and other adults, but the top level is strategically poisoned for adults. The store has two-market segmentation strategy that it is using to meet the needs and demands of the clients. The first is geographic segmentation. This is done based on urban, population factor and region. In order to meet the target population the store has a mobile van that takes the products from a house-to-house basis. The second segmentation is demographic segmentation. This is done based on age, sex, gender, and social status. There are several reasons for taking part in the segmentation process. The main reason the store takes this step is to ensure its clients get quality product in the right form and time. For this to be possible, it has segmented the market according to region and urban factor. The other reason is that the Drug Store wishes to meet the preferences and demands of the clients according to their demographics and taste of the product. Both toothpaste

Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ethics - Research Paper Example Staubus provides a good discussion on the misstatement of financial data and information and their effects on the companys performance exposure. The article focuses ont he relationships which are being violated by such ethical misconducts in the financial reporting. The paper provides insight on the duties, reponsibilities and expectations of the related parties or stakeholders of the organization. This paper aims to reflect on the past and current events of fraudulent or unethical reporting systems. The article focuses on the role of ethical behaviors and corporate governance issues and forms an opinion that ethics is an important part in earnings management and overcoming the barriers of fraudulent financial reporting. This article provides the basic discussion on ethics and its role in the accounting field. The article provides the means of ethics, the role of institutions and education in maintaining ethical behavior and the impact of ethical values on society. The aim of IFAC is to provide guidance and set standards for professional accountants. This paper provides the guidelines of ethical behavior and the standards set for them to follow. The ethical behaviors are, hence, understood by reading these

Family Involvement Model in Early Childhood Education Essay

Family Involvement Model in Early Childhood Education - Essay Example The primary teachers of children are the parents or guardians, and the primary school is the home. Education starts at home. The home is the foundation of learning. Even when the children are going to school, the family continues to support learning at home. Learning does not begin and end at school. It is just where formal learning takes place and is just one of the venues for educating children. The family is a part of the community. Support of the community in the Learning Programs of children makes education more effective. An active community working hand in hand with families creates an enriching learning environment and a continuing learning venue from school for the children. Let us first define the period of early childhood. It begins from birth or infancy to age five. This is the period when major transformations take place: physical, social, intellectual, emotional and mental. It is the time when basic skills are learned which forms part of the learning foundation for use in later years. Basic skills include learning how to count, distinguishing letters, maintaining attention and remembering experiences. This is the phase when children develop their self-concept, which is influenced in great part by what they see and experience at home. They also develop their self-esteem and start to make friends at this period. ... The very basic theory deals with the basic needs of children and how these are met. Where does learning come into the hierarchy of needs and what are the prerequisite needs to make the process of education more effective are questions addressed by this theory. These theories espouse the importance of social interaction in the development of children. The theories stress the effects of experiences from these social interactions as major factors in the habits, attitudes, views and the eventual learning success or failure of children. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is the most basic theory in a child's development. This is important so we may understand the priorities of children and the possible distractions they may have to learning. In psychology, it is a motivational theory where needs of people are placed in a hierarchy starting with the most basic needs at the base (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs). Abraham Maslow introduced the idea that the actions of people are determined by specific goals that they want to attain. A behavior is directed toward the satisfaction of a need. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is often represented by a pyramid with five levels. The first four levels are concerned with physiological needs and the topmost remaining level is concerned with growth needs. The premise is that the needs at the bottom or at the base have to be satisfied first before meeting the topmost need. Physiological needs like food, water, air, sleep and sex are at the bottom followed by Safety needs like health, property, e mployment and environmental security. The third level is Belongingness which includes family, friendship and love. Esteem including respect, self-esteem, accomplishments and confidence comprise the fourth level.

The Clash of Civilizations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Clash of Civilizations - Term Paper Example Huntington (1998, pp.19) has called this a rediscovery of â€Å"new but often old identities.† Huntington (1998, pp.21) has argued that world has become â€Å"multi-polar and multi-civilizational† which character has been replacing the bipolar world of the cold war period. He (Huntington, 1998, pp.21) has further stated that a new grouping of states has been emerging based on world’s major â€Å"seven or eight civilizations. These civilizations have been listed as the Western civilization, Latin America, former Soviet Union, Eastern world, Muslim countries, Sub-Saharan African nations, and also the lone countries (Huntington, 1998). It is also observed that â€Å"the balance of power among civilizations are shifting†, in favor of Non-Western countries as they are amassing more wealth, political strength and military base (Huntington, 1998, pp.21-23). Drawing attention to the â€Å"gap between Western principles and Western action,† Huntington (1998, pp.184, 21), opined that â€Å"west’s universalist pretentions† has escalated this conflict. He (Huntington, 1998, pp.103) has further suggested that in order to survive the conflicts, West should accept its identity as unique rather than universal and integrate what is called a western identity. Another assumption of this book is that the world is being split into two distinct and separate cultural entities, namely, â€Å"the peoples of Western Christianity, on the one hand, †¦(and)†¦ Muslim and Orthodox people, on the other†(Huntington, 1998, pp.28). Huntington (1998, pp.102) had believed that Aisan civilization and Isl amic civilization would be the two major forces that would put great challenges before the west against its present domination of the world. This analysis of world politics has also concluded that â€Å"Muslims have traditionally divided the world into Dar al-Islam and Dar al-Harb, the

Policy Briefing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Policy Briefing - Essay Example The paper is a discussion on the impact of border control policy towards the citizens as well as its opportunities and challenges. Effective border control policy will present numerous opportunities to the United States and the neighbors. While the border control policy has changed unexpectedly since its inception in 1924. Its main mission has remained unchanged; to prevent and detect illegal entry of people into the United States of America. The department of homeland security is currently in charge of border security in the country. The point of interest is often the American Mexico border. Together with other law enforcers, the border patrol team has continued to place the US border under surveillance with an intention of identifying any threat to national security as well as illegal entry. Border policy does not prevent people from entering the United States, it only ensures that the entrance of people who are in possession of legal documents as well as screening individuals who may be trafficking contrabands and drugs into the country (Chà ¡vez, 2003). Border control policy is considered a stepping stone towards fighting terrorism since the September 11 attack. Implementation of border control policy by the department of homeland security will enable the country to deal with the challenges such as smuggling of drugs into the country, prevention of illegal immigration as well as entrance of terrorism and dangerous weapon into the country Strict Border control policy has affected both citizens and the country’s international image. The policy has resulted to prolonged security screening at the border there by delaying numerous activities that are linked to boosting the economy of the United States of America. The border patrol in the county is responsible for patrolling two thousand miles of coastal waters surrounding Florida peninsula as well

Negotiating International Market Essay Example for Free

Negotiating International Market Essay †¢Negotiating with international customers, partners, and regulator NEGOTIATIONS ARE FORMAL DISCUSSIONS B/W PEOPLE WHO HAVE DIFFERENT AIMS OR INTENTIONS , ESPECIALLLY IN BUSINESS ,DURING WHICH THEY TRY TO REACH AN AGREEMENT. Negotiating with international customers , partners and regulators often requires a lot of meticulous preparations and skill. Successful negotiation demands threadbare analysis and evaluation of the commercial and their impressive presentation and proper understanding and appreciation of the cultural nuances of the negotiating party and skilfully navigating the negotiation process accordingly. In order to successfully negotiate with international customers one needs impressive presentation skills, proper understanding of cultural nuances of the party with whom one plans to negotiate. Negotiations in the international scenario are governed by 4Cs they are common interests, conflicting interests, compromise and criteria. Government authorities can be viewed in two different view-points namely hierarchial view and bargaining view. Negotiation is a process in which at least one individual tries to persuade another individual to change his or her ideas or behavior. Business negotiations often involve one party attempting to influence another to make a particular decision of sign a contract. Thus negotiating is a process in which at-least parties with different view points and needs try to reach an agreement on matters of mutual interest. There are 4Cs of negotiation: 1. Common interests 2. Conflicting interests 3. Compromise 4. Criteria for agreement to hold The outcome of any negotiated agreement depends on the relative bargaining power of both parties. Negotiating Globally Negotiating effectively across cultures is one of the most important global business skills. Global negotiations contain all the complexity of domestic negotiations, with the added dimension of cultural diversity. Top managers spend more than 50% of their time in formal or informal negotiations. Two tables below highlight the differences in negotiating styles across cultures. When to negotiate? According to experts, negotiating is not always the best approach to do business. Sometimes the best strategy is â€Å"take it or leave it†, other times its bargaining. Negotiating demands more time and resources. Therefore managers must negotiate only when the value of the exchange is important. Negotiating is often seen as strategy to create a win-win solutions in business. Consider the following conditions while negotiating: 1. Your power position w.r.t that of the counterpart 2. The level of trust 3. Sufficient time available 4. True commitment to carryout the agreement. 5. The value of exchange 6. Importance to relationship The success of negotiations depends on: 1. Individual characteristics 2. Situational contingencies 3. Strategic tactical processes. Stages of negotiation: 1. Preparation 2. Relationship building 3. information exchange 4. Persuasion 5. Agreement Prerequisites for effective negotiation† 1. Selection of appropriate negotiation team. 2. Management of preliminaries,including training,preparations,and manipulation of negotiation setting. 3. Management of the process of negotiations , that is , what happens at the negotiation table. 4. Appropriate follow-up procedures and practices. Cultural problems in international negotiations: 1. Language and non-verbal behaviors 2. Values 3. Thinking and decision making processes. Negotiating with regulators: in many instances government is a party in international business negotiations. there are two view points of the governmental authorith: 1. Hierarchical view 2. Bargaining view Deteminants of bargaining power: 1. Relative importance of the project. 2. Alternatives 3. Urgency 4. Strengths SUMMARY: . negotiation with international customers,partners and regulators requires impressive presentation and proper understanding and appreciation of the cultural nuances of the negotiating party. . common interests, conflicting interests,compromise and criteria are the 4 Cs of the negotiation. . there are two views of government authority: hierarchical and bargaining view

Kleins Theory Of The Paranoid Schizoid Position

Kleins Theory Of The Paranoid Schizoid Position Through this essay, I am going to discuss Melanie Kleins theory of the Paranoid-Schizoid position, referring to some of the defence mechanisms which the infant uses. I will also illustrate how parts of the Paranoid-Schizoid position are conveyed through Ridley Scotts film, Alien (1979). Melanie Klein believed the first object which the infant relates to in the external world is its mother. During the Paranoid-Schizoid position, the infant sees objects around it as either good or bad, according to its experiences with them. The objects are felt to be loving and good when the infants wishes are gratified, leaving them feeling happy and satisfied. Conversely, objects are seen as bad when the infants wishes are not met adequately and thus frustration prevails. At the beginning of life, the infant does not have a perceptual image of its mother, but sees her in part-objects; the most important part-object being the breast. Klein referred to the good breast, which represents the good mother who feeds the infant on demand and gives them attention, and the bad breast, representing the bad mother who says no or who is absent when the infant wants something. The infant therefore believes they have two different mothers because they cannot yet tolerate the idea of loving and hating the same object; Klein termed this process splitting. The infants ego splits due to the anxiety it experiences caused by its paranoid fear of annihilation by the bad breast. The splitting process also prevents the bad breast from destroying the good breast because the infant keeps them separated from one another. Thus, the mother must be either good or bad and the feeling directed towards her must be either love or hate; the two cannot yet coincide. The film, Alien, clearly portrays this splitting progress. At the beginning of the film, the alien attaches itself, breast-like, onto Kanes face, and breathes for him in order to keep him alive. In Kleins theory, aggression is directed towards the bad breast due to persecutory fears; they believe the bad breast wants to destroy them. Similarly, in Alien, the creature is seen as frightening and harmful, representing the bad breast which the infant has a desire to destroy. However, the creature also represents the good breast, because it is keeping Kane alive. The infants anxious fears of annihilation cause the ego to develop defence mechanisms, which aim to protect the infant from the bad breast, yet also give them control over the good and bad breast, making sure they are kept separate from one another. The schizoid response to this anxiety is to project and introject the good and bad breast. Projection allows the infant to project their bad qualities outwards, into the bad breast, such as feelings of aggression, hate and envy. An example of projection in Alien can be seen at the end of the film when Ellen blasts the alien out into space; she is ridding herself of the bad object and thus destroying it through projection. The infant also uses introjection to bring the good objects from the good breast inside them. They can then control the good objects through phantasising that the good objects are inside them. The infant thus wants to introject the good breast and project the bad breast, allowing them to make a clear distinction between the good objects, which are now inside them, and the bad objects, which have been split from them. Anal aggression is a further defence mechanism used by the infant to gain a sense of control. Since their anxiety is caused by the threatening bad breast, the infant believes they need to defend themselves using destruction and aggression. The infant does this by entering inside their mother through phantasy to see what harmful objects are within her. They believe there to be faeces, their fathers penis, and other babies inside her and consequently want to rid the mother of these bad objects. They also have the desire to put their own faeces inside their mother, since this gives them a feeling of control. The infant succeeds in this process through unconscious phantasy; they take control by sucking dry, biting up, scooping out, and robbing the mothers body of all its contentparticularly her babiesand expel dangerous substances out of the self and into the mother. The infant thus reduces their feelings of anxiety through aggression, projection and introjection. However, since the infant wants to destroy these objects inside the mother and rob her of them, they automatically feel anxiety that their mother will equally want to retaliate and attack them too. Klein writes, In his destructive phantasies he bites and tears up the breast, devours it, annihilates it; and he feels that the breast will attack him in the same way.Thus, by projecting their bad qualities onto their mother, and through anal aggression, the defence mechanisms rebound, since anxiety and fears of persecution are experienced again. These phantasies of attacking the mother can be seen through Alien when the crew are trying to destroy the creature, which they hate and fear. They project their aggression and hatred onto the creature, which inevitably leaves them believing that the creature is determined to destroy them, along with the disloyal Mother (the spaceships computer). The crew thus want to destroy the creature, whilst at the same time they are being pursued by it. Hanna Segal also notes that there are times when the good object is projected, so it can be kept safe from an overpowering badness which is felt inside. Similarly, bad objects can be introjected and identified with in an attempt to gain control over them. This is because during feelings of anxiety, projection and introjection are used to keep persecutory and ideal objects as distant from each other as possible, whilst still maintaining control of them both. In Alien, during the scene when the crew are all eating around the table, and the creature has appeared to release itself from Kane, he is then literally destroyed from within as the alien rips through his chest. In relating this scene to the Paranoid-Schizoid position, Kane introjected the bad persecutory object, with the unconscious phantasy of gaining control over it. The bad object (the creature) is then re-projected when it rips through Kanes chest. Thus, the creature is again the source of persecutory anxiety because it esca pes. It thus becomes evident that although defence mechanisms initially protect the individual from harm and anxiety, they often rebound, creating further feelings of fear and anxiety. I am now going to discuss the force which is behind the feeling of aggression. Klein is often claiming that the infant has an innate drive to destroy everything that is good. However, David Hiles suggests that this is simply a misunderstanding of the mechanism of envy. Thus, envy is the force which leads to such hatred of an external object, inevitably causing aggression. This envy is a result of the infants ego experiencing a denial of something they want or need. For example, the mother may be possessing yet withholding something which the infant desires, such as the infant wanting to be fed, or to be given attention. Envy is therefore the feeling of conflict that what one desires, and would normally be forthcoming, but is being withheld. The envious impulse within the infant encourages them to attack the very source which they originally relied upon for what was desired. Melanie Klein believed the breast to be the first object envied by the infant. Thus, withholding the breast, wh ich the infant trusts to contain goodness, causes the infant to respond aggressively, often biting the mother physically, or attacking her through phantasy. However, if a nurturing and loving environment is provided by the mother, and if the Paranoid-Schizoid stage is tolerated and worked through, then normal development will often follow. Excessive envy can lead to a weakened ego, also triggering an intense feeling of guilt. The infant realises that they are destroying the primary good object which is providing them with goodness through their envious attacks. Thus, they are gradually enter the Depressive Position, and slowly begin to realise that the mother is a whole object, and that they love and hate the same object. To conclude, the conflict between love and hate, and experiencing envy, is necessary for the personality to develop, along with the strengthening of the ego. The way in which the infant is brought up and cared for also contributes to the infants happiness and development, helping to reduce their feelings of anxiety and fears of persecution. Klein says that Persecutory anxiety is to some extent counteracted by the infants relation to the good breastthe gratification and love which the infant experiences help to counteract persecutory anxiety. Thus, the relationship which the infant has with the good breast eventually reduces anxiety and the fear of persecution. Trust is also established with the good object as the infant gradually realises that the mother is a whole object. The nature of the relationship between the mother and the infant has a great influence upon the infants future relationships with others and upon their social attitude in general. Word count- 1,540

Writers of the Harlem Renaissance Essay -- Harlem Art Literature Essays

Writers of the Harlem Renaissance During the 1920?s, a ?flowering of creativity,? as many have called it, began to sweep the nation. The movement, now known as ?The Harlem Renaissance,? caught like wildfire. Harlem, a part of Manhattan in New York City, became a hugely successful showcase for African American talent. Starting with black literature, the Harlem Renaissance quickly grew to incredible proportions. W.E.B. Du Bois, Claude McKay, and Langston Hughes, along with many other writers, experienced incredible popularity, respect, and success. Art, music, and photography from blacks also flourished, resulting in many masterpieces in all mediums. New ideas began to take wings among circles of black intellectuals. The Renaissance elevated black works to a high point. Beyond simply encouraging creativity and thought in the African American community, the writers of the Harlem Renaissance completely revolutionized the identity of African American society as a whole, leading black culture from slavery to its current place in America today. There was no single cause which produced the Harlem Renaissance, but there are several historical developments which paved the way. The first set of contributing factors deal with the cultural background of Harlem from 1900 to 1920. At the turn of the century, Harlem first began to emerge as a distinctly black community. As black population increased, African American culture came to the surface and blacks started to hold prominent roles in this self-motivated community. This afro-centric atmosphere of Harlem appealed to many southern blacks, and as a result, ?the Great Migration of southern rural blacks to the north began in 1915? (Haskins 15). Blacks left segregation-... ...ier. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, Inc., 1970. 272. Locke, Alain. ?The New Negro.? Black Nationalism in America. John H. Bracey Jr. New York/Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc, 1970. 334-347. ?The Harlem Renaissance.? Rev. 9 Feb. 1998. 11 Feb. 2000 Wintz, Cary D. Black Culture and the Harlem Renaissance. Houston: Rice University Press, 1943. Works Consulted African American Literature Book Club. ?The Harlem Renaissance.? 14 Feb. 2000 Chambers, Veronica. The Harlem Renaissance. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1998. Franklin, John Hope. From Slavery to Freedom A History of Negro Americans. New York: Vintage Books, 1969. ?Harlem Renaissance.? 14 Feb. 2000 Lewis, David Levering. The Portable Harlem Renaissance Reader. New York: Viking Penguin, 1994. ?What is the Harlem Renaissance 14 Feb. 2000

What is outsourcing Essay -- Globalization essays, research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Outsourcing? It is a method in which companies subcontract labor and support to outside agencies (Klepper, 1997). How, why, and who companies outsource to are quickly becoming social topics of discussion in our society. Everyone seems to have an opinion on outsourcing. I bet that I can walk into a social gathering right now and hear discussions like â€Å"outsourcing is good for the American consumer† or outsourcing takes jobs away from all of the hard working Americans.† In either case, outsourcing has raised great concerns over its effects on the American economy. In this paper, I will discuss the types of outsourcing, pros and cons associated with outsourcing, management views of outsourcing, employee views of outsourcing, and give my opinion of outsourcing. What does outsourcing do? It enables companies to focus on the mission at hand, to save money and be competitive. Depending on a Company’s needs determines the type of outsourcing that company may use (Embleton, 1998). Outsourcing is a very diverse market, and there are many different outsourcing options from. Two common types of outsourcing I will focus on are Information Technology (IT) outsourcing and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) (Bowen, 1998). Through research, I found that Information Technology (IT) Outsourcing is a rapidly growing market. I.T. outsourcing enables companies to continue to manage their core business, while outside agencies manage their technology needs (Bowen, 1998). It’s a way of getting rid of those high paid, college graduated employees. I.T. outsourcing allows companies to use cost-cutting methods to cover computing needs, large mainframe and midrange data center, manage numerous networks and run desktops across the globe (Bowen, 1998). Advantages of outsourcing information technology include, but are not limited to, less capital expenditure, less management headache, and keeping focus on core competencies. Less capital expenditure means a company does not have to buy expensive hardware and software. Less management headache relieves companies of having to hire and manage accounting personnel. Keeping focus on core competencies affords companies’ time to strengthen and gain a competitive edge over the competition (DiRomualdo, 1998). Disadvantages of outsourcing information include less managerial control, may be more expensive, and Sec... ...Workers in developing nations will get new and higher-paying jobs, and consumers in the U.S. will be able to buy products that are cheaper than if they were made at home. But is this really good for our society. We will soon find out. References Bowen. T and LaMonica, M. (1998). IT gets picky with outsourcing. Infoworld 20(33), 1-3 De Rose, L. (2004). The Downside to Outsourcing. Electronic Buyers’ News. July 14, Issue 1066. DiRomualdo, A & Gurbaxani. (1998). Strategic intent for IT outsourcing. Sloan Management Review. 39(4), 115. Earl, M.J. (1996). The risks of outsourcing IT. Sloan Management Review. 37(3), 26-33. Embleton, P.R & Wright, P.C. (1998). A practical guide to successful outsourcing. Empowerment in Organizations. 6(3), 1-11 Hayes, R and Pisano, G. (1994). Beyond World-Class: The New Manufacturing Strategy. Harvard Business Review. 72(1). Klepper, R & Jones, W. (1997). Outsourcing information Technology, Systems and Services. Prentice Hall. Nicholas, J. (1998). Competitive Manufacturing Management (Singapore:McGraw-Hill). Chapter 19, Managing the Supply Chain, pg 672 Strassmann, P.A. (1995). Outsourcing: A Game for Losers. Computerworld. August 21.

Eliminating Trade Distortion Policies in the United States :: Economy

Eliminating Trade Distortion Policies in the United States The corn bounty, it is to be observed, as well as every other bounty upon exportation, imposes two different taxes upon the people; first, the tax which they are obliged to contribute, in order to pay the bounty; and secondly, the tax which arises from the advanced price of the commodity in the home-market, and which, as the whole body of the people are purchasers of corn, must, in this particular commodity, be paid by the whole body of the people. Introduction The export subsidy, or bounty as it is referred by Adam Smith, has existed for many centuries. Created to augment an industry in need of assistance to the market, the export subsidy has become an outdated trade entity in the developed world. As stated above, export subsidies impose a greater hindrance to the exporting nation that must be compensated by their consumer population. As the United States prepares to host the next global round of negotiations for the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Seattle, Washington, it establishes the perfect opportunity to initiate the abolition of all export subsidies from domestic policy books worldwide by eliminating our own trade distorting programs. Export subsidies are tools used to supplement the producer’s profits from selling a commodity. They are efficient and positive when used to initiate commerce in a developing society. Adam Smith realized their intentions by mentioning that, "bounties were given for the encouragement either of some beginning manufactures, or of such sorts of industry of other kinds as were supposed to deserve particular favor" (Smith, 1776: 450). However, their purpose of origin did not legitimize their existence to Smith. The problem begins when the society grows dependent upon these additional payments because the market has been so thoroughly distorted that prices are inflated beyond normally affordable means. Producers in other nations can no longer compete with the sale price of the commodity from the subsidized nations. The competition is thereby artificially defeated. Export subsidies have reached their expiration. It is time for world markets to convince their users of their inherent inefficiency and to proceed into the next millennium with an agenda calling for freer global trading practices. This process of opening markets and eliminating barriers to trade has already caused quite a stir throughout the WTO’s member nations. In particular, the United States and the European Union (EU) will be at the forefront of the chopping block when it comes the time for discussions regarding agricultural trade. Eliminating Trade Distortion Policies in the United States :: Economy Eliminating Trade Distortion Policies in the United States The corn bounty, it is to be observed, as well as every other bounty upon exportation, imposes two different taxes upon the people; first, the tax which they are obliged to contribute, in order to pay the bounty; and secondly, the tax which arises from the advanced price of the commodity in the home-market, and which, as the whole body of the people are purchasers of corn, must, in this particular commodity, be paid by the whole body of the people. Introduction The export subsidy, or bounty as it is referred by Adam Smith, has existed for many centuries. Created to augment an industry in need of assistance to the market, the export subsidy has become an outdated trade entity in the developed world. As stated above, export subsidies impose a greater hindrance to the exporting nation that must be compensated by their consumer population. As the United States prepares to host the next global round of negotiations for the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Seattle, Washington, it establishes the perfect opportunity to initiate the abolition of all export subsidies from domestic policy books worldwide by eliminating our own trade distorting programs. Export subsidies are tools used to supplement the producer’s profits from selling a commodity. They are efficient and positive when used to initiate commerce in a developing society. Adam Smith realized their intentions by mentioning that, "bounties were given for the encouragement either of some beginning manufactures, or of such sorts of industry of other kinds as were supposed to deserve particular favor" (Smith, 1776: 450). However, their purpose of origin did not legitimize their existence to Smith. The problem begins when the society grows dependent upon these additional payments because the market has been so thoroughly distorted that prices are inflated beyond normally affordable means. Producers in other nations can no longer compete with the sale price of the commodity from the subsidized nations. The competition is thereby artificially defeated. Export subsidies have reached their expiration. It is time for world markets to convince their users of their inherent inefficiency and to proceed into the next millennium with an agenda calling for freer global trading practices. This process of opening markets and eliminating barriers to trade has already caused quite a stir throughout the WTO’s member nations. In particular, the United States and the European Union (EU) will be at the forefront of the chopping block when it comes the time for discussions regarding agricultural trade.

Database analysis of ‘my schools swimming club Essay

Background to the company For my GCSE project I have based on my school’s swimming club. The problems that we are facing in my club are the numbers of people are increasing by each year. It is located Wolverhampton, and about 80 members are in it. Cost 10 pounds a months. We have our regular training twice a week, from 4pm to 5pm. Most of our club members are woman and their age range are from 15 to 40. Competitions are held during the Christmas. For every victory in the competitions, disco party will be held, which will be free for club members. Details of the current system At the moment all information is kept on paper, and many files have been used store those data. Most of it was written by hand and the spaces in one sheet are limited. Information like name, date of birth and the address, gender, cost for each month, etc. Whenever someone new joins, leaves and change in address, we will re- update the data of our computer system again. The data will be all stored in a CD and also keep it outside of the club’s compound in case there is a fire. Problems with the current system Most of the data were been stored by paper and any thing might happen to it. Problems that you will face : can’t read handwriting, hard to find persons record, lost, mislaid, damaged, stolen, messy to edit, time consuming to write new card, what does she do with old records?, only one index, letters have to be written individually. Analysis What data needs to be entered by the user? We held our current data in paper, which held date like name, age, sex etc. What processing is required? The data will be required to store in the hard drive of the computer. Searches, quires, mail merge and also and pieces of data in order. What are the output requirements? Monitor and printers will be required The data will be updated when a new member enters or there is a change in the old member’s address. They will hold about 100 or 200 records. The main people who will go on this data will mostly be the receptionist or the club manager. We are going to use the stand alone system due to the amount of members we have got in our club. The data should be access straight away when there is someone waiting. What are the advantages or disadvantages of improving the current system, or introducing new paper base system? The advantages will be the new system will make our life much more better and quicker access to data. This allows us to save the amount of spaces and time. And the disadvantages will be when you forgot to save some data, when there is a power cut then all the data will be gone and will need to be retyped. What are the advantages or disadvantages of introducing a computer based system? I have decided to introduce a computer based system because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Specification Things that will be achieve: * The customer wouldn’t have to wait for long, about 5 seconds. * Making our life easier. * Update data quicker and easily. * Enable people to look up for information only if they have password. * More free space when you insert all your data onto the computer. If I can achieve all of the above my project will be a success. Flowchart First the application forms are printed out. The club’s members are asked to fill them up. The information is then transferred to the pc by typing in. After typing in the information, check if it is reasonable. If no, an error message will appear and you have to type in the information again into the pc. If yes, check it against the data with the form. If mistakes appear again then you have to type it up again. Type till there are no mistakes and save the data. Go to mail merge and print off letters to the members. Software and hardware In this section I’m going to recommend the hardware and software to my end user in a swimming club. Examples: Hard drive, Ram, Monitor, Processor, Printer, etc. Components Justification Processor-Mid Allows the computer to operate lots of files without a long delay or loading Hard drive- Small Data base and spreadsheet won’t take out much space, so I will not need lots of memory in my hard drive. Ram- 256mb Only a small amount is needed because most work will not take up a lot of spaces. Monitor- Mid flat screen So that is looks professional and easier to work from. CD- RW So that I can store more data and back ups for emergency, i.e. Fire, lost, wet. Components Reason for choosing them Intel Pentium M processor 740 (1.73GHz, 2Mb L2 Cache, 533MHz FSB) Data can be operates quicker. Hitachi 60GB- Hard drive So data can be stored without any worries for spaces. Ram- 512MB DDR SDRAM Bigger memory for storing data. Monitor- 17.0 Ultra Sharp Wide Screen XGA (1440* 900) TFT Sharp It will not strain your eyes easily.

Early Childhood Growth and Development Essay

This assignment we were asked to review chapter 2 of our text Developmental Profiles: Pre-Birth through Twelve. We were asked to write a three to four page paper which includes the following: * A description of how the concept of development differs from the concept of growth. * A summary of the domains of development identified in chapter 2 course text * An analysis of the developmental milestone examples in the text i. e. sitting, walking, talking and the purpose they serve. * Lastly, identify and explain three factors that may contribute to atypical development. Now that we have all of this discussed and what this paper entails let us get to it. Before we can even get into the meat of this paper we first must know and understand the definition and the difference between development and growth. Our text gives us a definition of both growth and development. Development according to our text refers to an increase in complexity, from simple to more complicated and detailed. Growth is defined in our text as physical changes leading to an increase in size. (Allen & Marotz, 2010) The terms growth and development refers to a dynamic process. Often used interchangeably, these terms have different meanings. Growth and development are interdependent, interrelated process. Growth generally takes place during the first 20 years of life; Development continues after that. (www. scribd. com). After reading the above lines and sitting and contemplating on them. The Human Growth and Development website stated that â€Å"Growth takes place during the first 20 years of life and development continues after that. † (www. scribd. com). I am not a board certified doctor but I do disagree with that statement because of that fact that yes growth and development are interdependent of one another but we all develop as we grow. Yes there is a difference in the concept of growth and development but one must look at the definition of each. Growth is the physical aspect of the two, example after a baby is born the birth weight, height, and head circumference is charted. The pediatrician then requests the parent(s) to bring the child back in two months. The two month check-up everything again is charted and this is done in intervals through out the life of the child. The chart shows the growth of the child from birth to present. As we grow we also develop. This means that we develop our senses, our thoughts, personality etc. According to the Human Growth and Development site development is the behavioral aspect of the two. (www. scribd. com). I tend to believe this because as we get older we tend to grow or develop into ourselves. We are not born with our personality, this has to develop. We were not born walking we had to develop the strength of our legs in order to walk. The next phase of our assignment is to summarize the developmental domains mentioned in our text. Before I do this summary I just want to point out that â€Å"the early childhood years are filled with staggering growth and development. There are four main areas of development that occur all at the same time. (www. teachpreschool. org). The domains listed in the text are as follows: * Physical Development – governs the major tasks of infancy; this domain also governs both gross motor skills (crawling, walking, running) and fine motor skills (hand-eye coordination, cutting, writing, weaving) (Allen & Marotz, 2010; www. teachpreschool. org). * Cognitive Development – addresses the expansion of a child’s intellect or mental abilities. (Allen & Marotz, 2010) * Perceptual Development – this domain addresses the complex way a child uses information received through the senses- sight, hearing, touch, smell taste and body position. This domain also enables the child to focus on what is relevant or irrelevant at any given moment. (Allen & Marotz, 2010) * Language Development – is the domain that enables the child to communicate with his/her peers. Most children tend to understand a variety of words, concepts, and relationships before they have words to describe or communicate. This ability is called receptive language. There is another term used called expressive language which is words used to verbalize thoughts and feelings. (Allen & Marotz, 2010) * Social Development- the understanding on how to communicate, share and make friends. This also covers how we feel about ourselves. (www. teachpreschool. org; Allen & Marotz, 2010) * Emotional Development- The building blocks for positive self esteem and self confidence. Most theorists place Social development and Emotional development in one because these two are interrelated as well. (www. teachpreschool. org). We are almost through walking through Early Childhood Growth and Development; now let us talk about developmental milestones. Developmental milestones are a set of functional skills or age specific tasks that most children can do at a certain age range. (www. med. umich. edu). In our text it talked about sitting, walking, and talking milestones, but before I get into the analysis of each one we must remember that â€Å"Babies develop at their own pace, so it is impossible to tell exactly when you child will learn a given skill. † (www. mychildwithoutlimits. org) The milestones that are talked about in our text can vary from child to child. Some babies may learn to sit up on their own as early as six months of age while others according to the Developmental Milestones Chart printed by My Child without Limits. org states that a child getting to a sitting position happens at 1 year. This is not uncommon some children develop faster than others. The purpose of the developmental milestones is to let the parents know that their child is growing up normally. As a parent you should not typically be alarmed if your child is a couple of months behind other children their age, but lets say your child is 24 months old and has not yet walked then yes there should be some concern there. Atypical growth and development is not an uncommon situation. This type of development stems from poor health and nutrition, injury, genetic errors, and many other factors. (Allen & Marotz, 2010). I have listed several factors that may contribute to atypical development and I will talk about each as follows: * Injury- A woman has to protect themselves at all costs when pregnant. If for whatever reason she falls and hurts herself it is a possibility that there can be damage to the child. A car accident can cause damage to the child * Genetic factors- these factors could come from either parent or both. Genes play a major part in development because we all get 26 chromosomes from each parent for a total of 52. If either parent’s chromosomes are genetically defective then the child could be affected. * Poor Health and Nutrition- the child feeds off of the mother in vitro and if the mother is using drugs and not eating right  or taking her pre natal pills then the child could come out deformed, with some sort of brain deficiency or some sort of health problem. Now that this is all said and done. I do hope that this paper can help you as it did me in the growth and development of the early child. REFERENCES: Developmental Profiles: Pre-birth through Twelve Allen, Eileen K and Martoz, Lynn R. 2010 Wadsworth Publishing Developmental Milestones www. med. umich. edu Developmental Milestones Chart www. mychildwithoutlimits. org Brief Look at Developmental Domains in Early Childhood Education www. teachpreschool. org Human Growth and Development www. scribd. com.

Role Management in Workplace

Role Management in the Workplace Role Management to me seems to be all about delegation. It helps you to decide who does what and who handles what. Management in psychology probably would be the same way designate responsibilities and also delegate so that each person could know what it is that they are going to do. I would say put people where they excel if you know someone has a strong suit then that is where they will best excel and get the job done. If a person is a great school counselor then they should be counseling at a school, if they work well in a clinical setting then that is the setting they should be in. Ayame may not be good in the confrontational aspect, and that is probably for not for her. Sometimes people are soft-spoken and don’t deal well with confrontation so in turn how can you really be motivated to do something that really doesn’t make you happy. I think it is really hard to receive feedback if people really can’t understand where you are coming from and maybe her culture isn’t really a confrontational culture and she is more reserved and laid back. Then again that may not really be the role for Ayame in delegating it is a manager’s responsibility to see what skills their employees have and what they are good at. Since Ayame is a project manager that means that she is in charge of managing other people and if she isn’t motivated to do her job how can she really motivate a team of people to get their jobs done as well. Everyone has their role in a workplace and if they can’t handle it then maybe that really isn’t the role for them. Cultural Background Some countries are more reserved and not quite so confrontational and maybe that is what Ayame’s problem is. Americans are aggressive and Japanese tend to be a little more laid back and hard working. Herzberg believes that with job satisfaction is what motivated people especially Japan. The way she is receiving feedback may be a way that she isn’t used to because she is not handling the situation confrontational. She may not be really comfortable with how things are done at her job because not all cultures handle things the same way. It seems as though Ayame may not have that go hard mentality and that’s just because of what she is used to. The Japanese are not like Americans and where they are different is that Americans can be confrontational whereas Japanese are more reserved. Ayame may just need to meet with her boss and find out what it is that she needs to do differently or maybe that isn’t the job for her. She can have a sit down and address ways she feels that she may excel better and see if those ways work and if they can implement them, because not everything has to be confrontational and some people handle it better with finesse. Motivation Techniques Motivation is the process by which a person’s effort are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal. I think the goal setting theory is great theory because sometimes goals push people further so that they can go further than they normally would if there were no goals set in place. Then when you are rewarding employees for achieving those goals it makes it even better because it feels as though their hard work has paid off and that just makes them want to work harder. I think when goals are put in front of you if you are a harder worker then you are going to do what you need to make sure you achieve them. When employers reward employee’s incentives do make people work harder because it means that there is something to look forward to. I also think a good technique is to see your manager working hard too it’s one thing to just designate but to help your employees and take time to make sure they understand the task makes them feel inspired and shows them that you care and that you actually want them to succeed. References 1). Decenzo, D. , & Coulter, M. (2011). Fundamentals of Management: Essential Concepts and Applications (7th ed. ). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall.

Culture Clashes in Daisy Miller Essay

Throughout the world people have differing ideas on what is good and bad based on whatever culture one visits one is sure to find major differences. In the period that this story takes place the US is trying to find its own identity and establish their own traditions. In the Europeans perspectives the Americans were deviant people because their culture was out of the norm. Winterbourne is stunned and intrigued immediately once he meets Daisy. He growing up with a more European lifestyle finds Daisy’s flirtatious and outgoing attitude very abnormal yet refreshing. Many of the older women in society, especially his mother, find her to be cheap and very unlady like due to her lack of classy behavior compared their idea of a proper high society woman should behave like. The book Daisy Miller, illustrates the American lifestyle, compared to the proper etiquette of European social standards. The novel Daisy Miller is the story of a girl who is on vacation with her mother and little brother. Along the way she meets Winterbourne and whom he immediately notices that she is different than other girls he has met in the past. She gives off an aura of wanting to become independent and a free spirit. Which all of the other women look down upon because they find it very trashy and very improper, especially for someone of such a high status also. Daisy’s family is of high society and normally girls like Daisy are quiet and respectful, never is it heard of to approach a man to which she is not acquainted with. Therefore, the idea that Daisy is flirtatious and so headstrong and direct with Winterbourne is just shocking to everyone who hears of her. She makes a great impact on those around her and unfortunately most do not like her because she is different and American. Henry James was born in New York on April 15, 1843 and died February 28, 1916 of edema following a series of strokes in London( â€Å"Henry James† par 1). He was the son of Henry, a minister, and Mary (â€Å"Henry James† par 1). He immigrated to England in 1910 and was naturalized in 1915(â€Å"Henry James† par 1). Since he was born in the US he had a similar outlook on perhaps what he wrote about. He moved to London for the latter part of his life, which caused him to see the extreme difference in the European perspective. This is what the novel Daisy Miller is all about. The differences and the controversy that occurs when two different cultures clash together. James had a very successful career that always involved writing. He was a well-known literary critic and novelist. He was a writer for Nation and art critic for The Atlantic in 1866-1869(â€Å" Henry James par 2). He was a writer for the New York Tribune while living in Paris for a year. Surprisingly though he was also a volunteer among the displaced and wounded during World War I (â€Å" Henry James par 2). He received many prestigious awards throughout his life including the Order of Merit in 1915 and he was commemorated with the James memorial stone (â€Å" Henry James par 4). Henry James lived from 1843 to 1916, which is around the same time that he set the period in the novel Daisy Miller. James lived the majority of his life in the US and was raised with the American culture. For the latter years of his life he moved to London were most people were still living in an old-fashioned setting as opposed to Americans who were exploring and expanding from the European way. James having experienced life in both areas causes him to not give quite a clear suggestion on which culture he prefers, â€Å" In late Victorian eyes, Daisy was likely to be either wholly innocent or guilty; James, either all for her or against her†( Ohmann par 1). Due to this the reader is never told which culture James ends up supporting, â€Å" James began writing with one attitude towards his heroine and concluded with a second and different attitude toward her(Ohmann par 1). In the novel Daisy is often regarded as an outsider or an unwelcome intruder in society. Her outgoing and free spirit causes people, specifically Europeans, to look down on her because her behavior does not conform with the norms of that particular society. She stands out but at the same time she does not really care that people are talking about her and looking down on her with distaste. She puts it in the back of her mind and just tells her self that she will do whatever she wants and she will not let anybody tell her that she is not able to. She does not let the fact that she is a woman restrain her from achieving what she wants. Yet at the same time she maintains her dignity and pride while still acting like a woman to a certain extent. She balances the fine line through the book of the quiet proper woman and the wild American. She maintains the free spirit of an American girl, but traditionally she is still a woman who has escorts and fine extravagant dinner parties for young high society people. She revolutionizes the idea that it would be alright to loosen up on occasion, â€Å" her conduct is without blemish, according to the rural American standard, and she knows no other†(Howells par 2). However in the perspective of other people they regard her as a nuisance and someone who is a threat to society because she could soil and corrupt the minds of their young daughters: â€Å" Daisy exemplifies those young girls who have fine social gifts to be sure but whose cleverness is too much for them and if allowed any influence their folly runs away with them, like horses with the bits between their teeth†(Montiero par 4). She stands out and people around her do not appreciate her trying to be different because they do not want to accept change or different cultures. They are all used to the regular routine and tradition that the generations before them have set up and carried out for hundreds of years before them. They expected to continue with tradition for hundreds until they saw things were changing and were scared to approach it so they tried to shut it out. The novel Daisy Miller represents a major problem that is still controversial to this day. Still in the world cultures clash and people are sometimes offended at others. However no one can be blamed because its all about the society’s norms and values. Every society is different and what may be important not one may not necessarily be as important to some one else. Many cultures differ but fortunately they find a common ground to agree upon on the basic rules of society. They may not agree completely but they are willing to acknowledge that its true. Works cited Deakin, Motley F. â€Å"Daisy Miller, Tradition, and the European Heroine. † Comparative Literature Studies. 6. 1(Mar. 1969): 45-59 Rpt. in Literature Resource Center. Detroit: Gale. Farragut High School. 26 oct. 2009 < http://go. galegroup. com> â€Å"Henry James. † Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Farragut High. 22 Oct. 2009 < http://go. galegroup. com > Howells, William Dean. â€Å" Defense of Daisy Miller. † Discovery of a Genius: William Dean Howells and Henry James. Ed. Albert Mordell Twayne Publishers, 1961. 88-91. Rpt in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler. Vol. 8. Detroit: gale Research, 1991. 88-91. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Farragut High School. 26 Oct. 2009 James, Henry. Daisy Miller. New York: Penguin Books,1995. Monteiro, George. â€Å"What’s in a Name? James’ Daisy Miller. † American Literary Realism. 39. 3 (Spring 2007): p. 252. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Farragut High School. 25 Oct. 2009 < http:// go. galegroup. com> Ohmann, Carol. â€Å" Daisy Miller: A study of Changing Intentions. † American Literature. 36. 1 (Mar. 1964):1-11 Rpt in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Anna J. Sheets. Vol. 32. Detroit: gale Group, 1999. 1-11. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Farragut High School. 22 Oct. 2009 < http://go. galegroup. com > Wardley,Lynn. â€Å"Reassembling Daisy Miller. † American Literary History. 3. 2(Summer 1991):232-254. Rpt in Short Story Criticism. Ed Anna J. Sheets. Vol. 32. Detroit: Gale Group,1999. 232-254. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Farragut High School. 23 Oct. 2009

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Many of the characters in Of Mice and Men have dreams Essay Example for Free

Many of the characters in Of Mice and Men have dreams Essay Many of the characters in Of Mice and Men have dreams. What are their dreams and how near are any of them to achieving what they want? Of Mice and Men, written by John Steinbeck is a classic novel set in a ranch town in Salinas Valley, California. The novel may have been set here as a result of most of Steinbecks childhood being spent on his fathers farmland. His descriptions of the setting will have been aided by his first hand experience of the ranches of the area. The novel itself documents the lives of Lennie Small and George Milton. With Lennie being mentally challenged he has the psychological capabilities of a five year old. This means he has to be cared for by George because he acts childish and irresponsibly. For this reason, he often causes commotion within the ranch he is working. On many occasions disruption has occurred and occurs, George and Lennie are forced to leave their current ranch and start again at a new one. As they are always moving around, they never have a secure job and are always staying in temporary accommodation. With each time they move to a different ranch they dream more and more of having their own piece of land where they can be their own bosses and live off the crops they grow. This is shown by this quote, and we can live off the fatta the lan' said by George. This is only one of the many dreams that feature in Of Mice and Men, however not one of the dreams featured in this novel are achieved. This reflected the harsh reality of the Great Depression and the racial prejudice in society at the time. Steinbeck set Of Mice and Men during the Great Depression, in the late 1920s and the 1930s. Many migrants came to California, from other parts of the world looking for work as America was seen as the Land of Opportunity. This glimpse of hope inspired many Europeans to emigrate as Europe, at the time, was overcrowded and disease ridden. America was believed to provide cheap land and no rigid class structure existed. These characteristics gave Europeans the chance of a completely different way of life to what they were used to. In 1929, America entered a prolonged period of economic deprivation due to the collapse of the New York stock exchange, The Wall Street Crash. Following The Wall Street Crash, many Americans who had invested great deals of money into stocks and shares lost almost all of their investments. In some cases, people would have lost their houses and life savings. During The Great Depression, failed businesses and long-term unemployment were of the norm. The hopes of those immigrants, who came to America looking for a new life, were dashed by this tragic event. America was certainly not the Land of Opportunity. George and Lennie travelled from ranch to ranch together. This was unusual as most ranch workers would only usually work at one ranch for no longer than a month or two. They would literally not have the time for friendship. This was one of the reasons that the average workers dream was for some sort of companionship. The fact that George and Lennie had travelled together so long is significant as they lived the dream of so many other workers. It would give them the chance of having an alternative dream, one of owning their own land on which they could live off. When travelling from ranch to ranch workers could not carry many possessions and so had nothing to show for their years of working. They would work and work but not really achieve much. They would spend the money they earned and then earn some more and repeat. This is illustrated in the quote, ..work up a stake and blow the stake. A dream would be important as it would give a worker something to work towards instead of working with no real direction in their life. Many of the characters in the novel have dreams. The dream is a form of escape from reality of life. As previously stated, George and Lennies dream is to have a piece of land that they can call their own, tend it, grow crops and raise animals. However, Lennie specifically dreams of caring for rabbits. This shows his immaturity. He says, An have rabbits! George is always repeating this dream to Lennie. When he does depict the dream to Lennie, he uses exaggerative language and gets involved in the dream almost as much as Lennie. Both George and Lennie become excited when the dream is recalled. They swear, Well just say the hell with going to work , animating their eagerness to fulfil their dream. George and Lennies dream eventually fails. This is for a number of reasons. It is mainly because Lennie is such a burden to George. Because of Lennies mental incapability, he has no idea that he is making Georges life miserable. George says, Course Lennies a God damn nuisance most of the time, but you get used to goin around with a guy an you cant get rid of him George is being held back by Lennie as they are constantly forced to change jobs, because of situations the Lennie gets them in to and therefore they cant stay in work long enough to build up any sort of savings. The result of this is that they can not save up the money to achieve the dream. Lennie has limited social skills and so does not know how to interact with people. Instead, he finds comfort in touching things and is too tactile. This causes trouble as Lennie often touches womens clothes and is misunderstood and seen to be abusive. For this reason, George has to keep a constant eye on Lennie. When Candy makes the proposal of entering their dream in exchange for three hundred dollars, George suddenly sees some possibility of the dream succeeding. Before, he had merely used the dream as a pacifier for Lennie and had lulled himself into believing that it may happen so that he could continue bringing hope to Lennie. I think that sub-consciously he always knew that the dream would never be a reality. With Candys financial input, the dream could realistically be achieved within the month. However, an abrupt end to their hopes arrives. Lennie, in his childlike way, cannot conceive of the line where stroking stops and hurting begins in terms of petting, and he ends up accidently killing two animals by petting them violently. Most horrifically, at the climax of the story, he kills Curlys wife in the same way. The fact that he killed her was the final blow to the dream. I think I knowed from the very first. I think I knowed wed never do her, George says as he realizes the dream is inevitable. Lennie was inevitably going to be hunted down and shot on site. George, who is forced to join the manhunt for Lennie, decides that the kindest way out for both him and Lennie is to kill him when he finds him. He does this by luring Lennie into a false state of trust by reciting their dream to him one last time. This sends Lennie off into death with his dream in his head. You can argue in some way Lennie has achieved his dream. Curlys wife has a dream common to the period and today. She believes that she has the talent to become a Hollywood actress. She was convinced of this as when she was younger; she acquainted herself with a Hollywood director who deemed her suitable to be an actress in the movies. This is shown in a quote taken from a passage spoken by Curlys wife, An I coulda sat in them big hotels, an had pitchers took of me..An all them nice clothes they wear. Because this guy said I was a natural. This guy told her she would receive a letter from him explaining where to meet to develop her acting career. Her explanation of why she didnt become an actress is idealistic at best. She believed that her mother stole that letter. However, this is an optimistic justification. It just so happens that shortly after Curleys wife was given the hope of becoming an actress, she met Curley. When she realised that her dream of becoming an actress was truly over, she decided to marry Curley. She may have done this as, at the time, it was very difficult for a woman to get a job and live on her own. The main profession of women then was housewife. Most women would marry a modest worker but marrying a rich man who owned a ranch was a bonus. Life would be easy for Curleys wife as she would not have to lift a finger. As there was such discrimination towards women, Curleys wife found herself being ignored by the men on the ranch. She was not paid much attention by Curley and was seen by him as more of a trophy than a wife. These are the main reasons that Curleys wife is not happy. She openly expresses that she does not even love Curley. I dont like Curley. She regrets that she married him in the first place. She was not able to speak to anyone during the day as all of the men were out on the fields working. This causes her to be extremely lonely. At any chance she can she will speak to someone. When she speaks to Lennie in the barn, she says, Why cant I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely. This shows that she craves friendship. She is often prying on the men just looking for someone to talk to. She justifies this by saying to Slim Hi, good lookin. Im tryin to find Curley, Slim. The fact that she does not even have a name and is instead referred to as Curleys wife shows her status on the ranch. It shows that she is so insignificant that she is not even deemed important enough to warrant a real name. She is looked down on and shown no respect by most of the men on the ranch. She also has the dream to be treated as equal to the men on the ranch. This is similar to Crooks dream. He just wants to be accepted by everyone else on the ranch. However, both Crooks and Curleys wife have similar dreams which would lead you to think that they would sympathise with each other. The reality is quite opposite. Curleys wife approaches Crooks in an aggressive manor and speaks to him in a demoralising way. She says, Well you keep your place, then Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny! She perhaps speaks to Crooks with no respect as he is the only person on the ranch over whom she has a higher status. Crooks and Candy try to enter George and Lennies dream. They both do this for their own reasons. Candy is worried about his future on the ranch. He believes that is nearing the point of becoming useless to the ranch owner. He needs some security so that when he does become of no use, he can settle down somewhere. Crooks feels socially isolated and needs to go somewhere that he will be treated as an equal. George, Lennie and Candy do not discriminate against Crooks as much as most. This is the reason that he would feel comfortable living in a house with them. Candy, when he enters the dream, provides financial power. He has three hundred dollars that he is willing to invest in the dream. When he first tries to join the dream, George responds in a negative and coy way. He says You know a place like that? [Candy] Spose I do? Whats that to you? [George]. However, when George considers Candys proposition, he starts to think that the dream may actually become a reality. Candy is afraid that if he does not get somewhere that he can retire to, he may have no one to care for him. Eventually he will be seen of no use and disposed of, much like his dog. Crooks joins the dream as he feels he needs a shelter from society, somewhere that he is accepted for the person that he is and not judged by his skin colour or his disability. Crooks has no status and is treated with no respect on the ranch. He is frustrated with all of the racism directed towards him. He says, If I say something, why, its just a nigger saying it Crooks had a taste of equality when he was a child. He was accepted by white children and has perhaps not accepted the fact that he is now a social outcast. He says, The white kids come to play at our place, an sometimes I went to play with them, and some of them was pretty nice He remembers what it was like to be an equal and wants to experience that feeling again. This is one of the reasons the Crooks joins the dream. Candy will soon be too old and frail to keep his job at the ranch. The fact that he only has one hand means that his job opportunities are very limited. He, much like Crooks, has no one in his life. He just watches workers come and go from the ranch. He would have somewhere to belong if he joined the dream. This is a very important psychologically as having a place to call home can give Candy a reason to carry on living. All of these characters have dreams and their dreams are important to them. They all give their character some sort of goal to aim for and a light at the end of the tunnel. I believe Steinbeck is trying to make a point by including all of these dreams. I think he is trying to say that without dreams, we are all lost in our lives. We all need some sort of dream to keep us motivated. I think the novel was written to show the stranglehold that the Great Depression had on America in the 1930s. It also shows how hard the life of an itinerant worker was. Of Mice and Men was very a descriptive and informative book. It made me realise that dreams, however small or big, are vital in life.