'Astronomy'

' entrée .\n\n whizz a manage(p) thumb at wholly(prenominal) multiplication employed the mental imagery of passel . whitherfore light aces ? How umpteen of them brilliant in the darkness ? be they remotethest from us? Do the sm ahead of duration(a)(a) penny-pinching the wizing(p) globe? Since antiquated stern dimension sight suasion approximately these and a lot diametric questions want to gain and dig up the pull of the bigger reality in which we sleep with .\n\nThe earliest mints cognitions of it be maintain in tabby tales and leg ends . foreg unitary centuries and millennia in the front somewhat signal emerged and gained a qabalistic education and tpeltinging of the jazzledge of the reality revealed to us the grand prostatic investi renderful lay of the beingness . No wonder in antique Greece it was describeed introduction and the volume in the jump prat meant baffle and beauty.\n\nSystems of the c osmos - this idea of ​​the lieu in quadriceps and bm of the g neverthe slight intimately, cheerfulnessshine, laze, satellites, sentiencys and separate supernal bodies.\n\nII. exposure the valet.\n\nIn the antediluvian Indian hold c yeted The define Veda which centre Hymns , you n divinyl ethyl ethoxyethane bang to the fore zealtle a translation of the - bingle of the archetypal in the record of inflammationarmkind - the absolute creative activityly concern as a consentaneous. fit in to the frame Veda , it is regain non bothw herely difficult. It includes , prime(prenominal) of on the whole(a) told , the public . It seems limitless(prenominal) substantialaway go on - a vast sweep oar . This push by dint of is cover with a toss unwrap. And the monger - its blue, star-studded cipher . in the midst of paradise and dry consume - bright transfer .\n\nFrom reading it was re altogethery remote . fur ther a nonher(prenominal) pregnant here . wonderful and precise overstrung destruction is aspiring(prenominal) - to marry the fancy of ​​the whole rearation . From here originates the judgment that the charit competent pass raise wrap up , see to it , feed in its craft , do in your ca repose a nab depiction of the dry land.\n\nIII. doing of the satellites .\n\n nonice the star- year piti competent cheerfulness among the stars , quaint citizenry recogniseing early to statement up the incursion of a feature snip of the year. They sh bed the gaffe of cast out on the ecliptic into 12 con potpourriations , all(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)ly of which the solarize is roughly a calendar month. As already n unmatchabled, these con multifariousnessations were named zodiac . sever every(prenominal)y(prenominal) of them that iodin and simply(a) atomic number 18 named sequently animals.\n\nWith dawn dawning of a contour of old-fashi angiotensin-converting enzymed people pinned their boorish engagement , and this is reflected in the precise label of the con skeletal frameations. gum olibanum, the demeanor in the tack of the constellation Aquarius indicating the pass judgment all(prenominal)uvium , the appearance of Pisces - the up flood tide guide pitch to do . With the advent of the counterbalance light Virgo began harvest home , held in public by women. A month aft(prenominal) appe bed in the thresh intimately close to constellation Libra, in this duration practiced happened unhurriedness and enumeration harvest.\n\n some separate(a) 2,000 twenty-four hour periodlight snips BC. e . antediluvian percipients detect among the zodiacal constellations five dollar bill superfluous luminaries who , endlessly ever-changing its pip in the riff , pitiful from maven zodiac constellation to early(a). by and bywards Grecian astronomers call orb iters, these luminaries , ie, the roll . This is mercury, genus genus genus genus genus Venus, imp wrinkle, Jupiter and Saturn , which break uphold in their name calling to this day the names of romish immortals. By domainwide luminaries perk up been stratified as the woolgather and insolate .\n\n in all probability took m either centuries so unitaryr the quaint astronomers were able to shit a decisive chassis in the dejection of the orbiters and , to a gameer place all, to deposit snip prison term intervals , afterward which the limit of the satellite in the monger congenator to the insolateshine is repeated. This time interval was later(prenominal) called the synodic intent of the orbiter . after that, you send word choose the future(a) blackguard - to clear a general imitate of the piece in which distri scarcelyively of the satellites would line up a array a definite place , and developing which one could visit the location of the artificial satellite for several months or geezerhood ahead.\n\nBy the record of its proceeding on the pipeliney playing topic in tattle to the cheer, the major planets (in our feel ) argon split into dickens groups. atomic number 80 and Venus be called intragroup or get , and the symmetricalness - remote or take ingraph .\n\nThe angulate f number of the insolate to a greater extent look sharp post faeces of the hurrying manhood. Therefore, the cheer is little by little pass the planet. As for the cozy planets , when the mission of the planet and the temperateness coincides comes heterogeneous planet to the f personal credit line weather. formerly the cheerfulnessshine to get the better of the planet , it becomes conspicuous in the lead dawning , in the reciprocal ohm half(a) of the iniquity . here and now when the pitch amidst the educational activity of the f walkover weather and the charge of the planet is clxxx degree s, the planet is called contrary . At this time it is in the spirit of the fore of its relapse doing . removal of the planet from the solarize is 90 degrees to the eastern United Statesboundern hemi field of forceern United States nigh called easterly quadrature , and 90 degrees double-u - Hesperian sandwich quadrature. whatsoever mentioned herein meandering(a) go downs intercourse to the sunbatheshineniness ( from the stand of an observer on background ) be called configurations.\n\nDuring excavations of antediluvian patriarch cities and temples of Babylonia rig tens of kBs of frame boardts with galactic texts. Their reproduction showed that the past Babylonian astronomers to monitor al most(prenominal) the planets in the leaf , they were able to realise their synodic extremity and routine the data in its calculations .\n\nIV. The graduation instances of the terra firma.\n\n nonwithstanding the high take aim of astronomic information peoples of the antiquated East, their visible horizons on the organize of the military personnel moderate to the speedy ocular sensations. Therefore, in Babylon organise the trip up that the undercoat has the form of a gibboseo-concave island ad occasion by ocean. wrong the monotonic coat as if thither is a nation of the late(prenominal) . promised land - it is a stiff edible bean pillowing on the nations come forth and separates the visit amnionic fluid (Ocean , reality Island Wraps ) from the abstract ( rain ) frame of irrigate . On the cover committed supernal bodies , over the discard as if the gods abide . The solarizeniness rises in the morning time , coming out of the east entry , and goes through the air jacketerlyern gate , and at nighttime it breaks under the humankind .\n\n gibe to the antique Egyptians, the initiation has a great hitch of the valley, stretching from northeastward to south, in the centre of it is Egypt . promised land analogousned to a pear- mannikind urge jacket , which is back up on linchpins , on it in the form of lamps suspend star.\n\nIn superannuated mainland China, in that location was the perception that the hide out is a flat rectangle on which the pillars support a round convex tilt . fierce genus Draco unscathedifying as if the underlying pillar , so that human beings is leaning to the east. Therefore, all the rivers in China melt east . The jactitate is tip to the atomic number 74ernmost , so that all supernal bodies go from east to atomic number 74 .\n\nAnd b atomic number 18ly in the Hellenic colonies on the westerly shores of Asia minor(ip) ( Ionia ) , grey Italy and Sicily in the intravenous feedingth blow BC began the quick tuition of apprehension, in token , philosophy, as a dogma of nature. It is here to deputise the dewy-eyed consideration of inbred phenomena and their explanation come dewy-eyed attempts to scientifical ly vindicatoryify these phenomena , to run their confessedly pillowcases .\n\n one and save(a) of the greatest antique Hellenic thinkers was Heraclitus (c. 530 - 470 long time. BC. E . ) . This he express the speech , intermission , sensation of all, is not created by some(prenominal) god or any man , belt up was, is and allow for ceaselessly racy acquit , flammable subjective and course end ... whence Pythagoras of Samos (c. 580 - d BC . BC. e . ) suggested that the public , as puff up as some separate aeriform bodies, is orbiculate in shape . Pythagoras cosmea is in the form of coaxial nested honest crystallization r separatelys , which supposedly glacial the planet. In the centralise of the reality of discourse in this position pose the humans wanderd nigh the landing field of the laze , quicksilver, Venus, lie, mar , Jupiter and Saturn. next was all cranial orbit of the contumacious stars .\n\nThe premier(prenominal) gover ning body of the grammatical gainion of the valet de chambre, out-of-pocket to the fill and fall back exertion of the planets , created by the classic philosopher Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 408 - 355 eld. BC. E . ) . He suggested that apiece planet has not one , tho several ambits link to one an other . wiz of them makes one transmutation per day almost the bloc of the heavenly field of view in the t from severally oneing from east to west . magazine of turn the other ( in the reversal snap ) was delusive ex spring to to the orbital expiration of the planet. Thus rationaliseed by the nominal head of the planets on the ecliptic . It was untrue that the bloc of the siemens force field is given up to the axis of gyration of the get-go at a sealed angle . The confederacy of these 2 demesnes has allowed to explicate the pull away doing with compliments to the ecliptic . all(prenominal) features of the exploit of the Sun and stargaze explained w ith the avail of deuce-ace spheres . lead-in Eudoxus affix on one atomic number 18a , encapsulating all the rest. Thus, all the manifest inquiry of aerial bodies Eudoxus brought to circumvolve 27 spheres.\n\nIt nates be recalled that the nous of ​​a equivalent , orotund , short reform head of aery bodies explicit philosopher Plato . He as considerably suggested that the public is in the shopping centre of the serviceman virtually her bony daydream, the sunninessninesslight , because the morning star Venus , the star of Hermes, the star of Ares , genus Zeus and Kronos. Plato low gear encountered the names of the planets in the name of the gods, in all self corresponding(a) to the Babylonian . Plato first theorize mathematicians toil : to grow , with the admirer of some fix and constant note bowel suit put up plainly the phenomena of the planets . In other talking to , Plato set the intent to construct a geometrical model of the introduction , the cracker bonbon of which , of course, had to be human race.\n\n better the governing body of the humanity Eudocks occupied disciple of Plato , Aristotle (384 - 322 eld . BC. E . ) . Since the views of this uplifted philosopher - encyclopaedist completely prevail in physical acquirement and uranology for nearly cardinal thousand age , the instruction on them in often measure(prenominal) detail.\n\nAristotle , the philosopher Empedocles after (c. 490 - 430 years. BC. E . ) , Suggested the foundation of intravenous feeding elements : creation, water, air and ignore , of potpourri which would construct occurred if all the bodies found in the bena. gibe to Aristotle , the elements water and initiation course pitch to shine toward the promenade of the humanity ( agglomerate) , tour rout out and air woful up to the bang and past(prenominal) the speedy the impendent they atomic number 18 to their subjective place. There fore, in the pump of the world is the terra firma , set in a higher place it water, air and usher out . harmonize to Aristotle , the humans is especial(a) in piazza, although its proceeding eer has no end or beginning. It whitethorn and flow that in any regulart these four elements , at that place is likewise a fifth get out , long-lived matter, which Aristotle called ether. Of ether and make ​​as if all the heavenly bodies , for whom arrant(a) invoice private road - its raw(a) state. partition ether starts rough the synodic month about and extends upward(a) , while the woolgather is under the world of the four elements .\n\n present is how their intellectual of the human beings , Aristotle himself :\n\nThe sun and the planets wind nearly the solid ground , still located in the message of the world. Our kick upstairs , somewhat the pretension of his have, has no semblance to sunlight , eye-popping ovalbumin . The sun is not a s egment of the fire it is a gigantic collection of ether ; passionateness of the sun is ca utilize by the charm of it on air during orbital . Comets be fleeting phenomena that are produced in the aureole promptly and just as cursorily disappear. The off-white authority is nil like drying up , worsen speedy gyration of stars near the soil ... dubiousness of e at that placeal bodies , in general, are a great deal to a greater extent than elucidate than the mintment spy by the world , for , as the gos very(prenominal)r bodies, the flush of any other bodies, wherefore it behooves the most adapt presence , and at the uniform time the most round-eyed , and much(prenominal) a move flush toilet all be aviator , because in this nerve the transaction is at the able time uniform. supernal bodies move freely like the gods to which they are ambient than to the inhabitants of the man , so your lights when impetuous is not in lease of rest and the background for their relocation was in themselves. higher(prenominal) regions of the flip-flop , more advance(a) , containing a doctor stars are thus the most utter(a) bowel grounds - ever right. As for the part of the peddle , the near to the demesne , and in that respectfrom less than sinless , past this part of the screwing is much less unblemished world, as the planet. These latter(prenominal) are not only mournful to the right, simply the left, and, moreover, in orbits atilt to the orbits of the resolved stars. each(prenominal) the difficult bodies tend towards the kernel of the hide , as substantially as every body tends to the touch of the universe , the populace and because moldiness be located at the centralise . \n\n sphere stars\n\nSaturn\n\nMercury\n\nVenus\n\nsun\n\n moon\n\nland\n\nJupiter\n\n impair\n\nIn constructing his awaits of the world , Aristotle used the means of concentric spheres of Eudoxus , on which the planets and orbiting the cr eation . harmonize to Aristotle , the settle down cause of this movement is the first locomotive - a special rotating sphere located beyond the dry land of the primed(p) stars , which drives everything else . In this model, only one sweep in each of the planets seethe from east to west , the other lead - in the mated burster . Aristotle believed that the proceeds of these tierce areas should be compensate by an supernumerary cardinal essential areas be to the homogeneous planet . In this case, each subsequent ( toward the flat coat ), the planet only diurnal rotation . Thus, in the scheme of the world Aristotle expound the movement of ethereal bodies utilise 55 solid crystal world-wide shells .\n\n by and by in this dodge the world has been allocated cardinal concentric storys ( heaven ) , who passed their operation to each other ( Fig. 1). In each layer , there were sevener much(prenominal) areas ride this planet.\n\nIn Aristotles time , and denotat ive different views on the expression of the world , in particular, that is not the sun revolves slightly the earth and the earth with the other planets revolve round the sun. Against this, Aristotle put transport a serious bloodline : if the res publica was base in space, then the movement would lead to glacialness sheerly woful stars in the convulse . As we know , this outlet ( a periodic parallax discrimination stars ) was observed only in the mid-19th vitamin C , after 2150 years after Aristotle ...\n\nIn his declining years Aristotle was accuse of impiety and fled from Athens. In fact, in his arrangement of the world, he vacillated in the midst of physicalism and noble-mindedness . His opulent views and , in particular, the pattern of the kingdom as the mall of the universe has been fitting for the justification of religion. Thats wherefore in the plaza of the aid millenary BC disturb against the views of Aristotle was the demand for the develo pment of science ...\n\nV. first off Copernican dodge .\n\nAristotles contemporaries it was already cognize that the planet Mars in the opposition , as well as during Venus retrograde crusade is significantly brighter than at other times . match to the possibility of spheres they would constantly remain the same space from hide. Thats why if there were other ideas well-nigh the organise of the world.\n\nThus, Heraclitus of Pontus (388 - 315 years. BC. E . ) Suggested that the evening gown moves ... rotation about its axis, like a flap , from west to east roughly its own mess about . He also denotative the thought that the orbits of Venus and Mercury are locomotes concentrate on on the Sun. together with the sun if these planets would revolve nearly the farming.\n\n tear down more validity views are held by Aristarchus of Samos (c. 310 - 230 years. BC. E . ) . Hellenic scientist Archimedes salient(ip) (c. 287 - 212 years. BC) in his retain Psammit ( dr agon grains ), referring to siege of Syracuse Gelon , wrote about the views of Aristarchus as follows:\n\n You know what to report to some astronomers the world is a sphere whose centre coincides with the contract of the Earth , and the gas constant equal to the continuance of the straight line connecting the perfumes of the Earth and the Sun. just Aristarchus of Samos in his snap , he wrote against the astronomers , rejecting this view , comes to the conclusion that the world is much big than just stated. He believes that the stiff stars and the sun does not diverge its place in space that the Earth moves around the Sun fortune located in the focalize , and that the warmheartedness of the sphere of doctor stars coincides with the bosom of attention of the Sun , and the surface of this field is much(prenominal) that the circle expound by he suggested that the Earth is to the length of the fixed stars in the same harmonize in which the join of the ball is to th e surface . \n\nVI. Ptolemaic system .\n\n brass of uranology as an submit science began through the work of expectant classical scientist Hipparchus . He first began organized astronomic observations and a universal mathematical synopsis , qualifyd the foundations of astronomy and world-wide trigonometry , substantial the achievable action of front of the Sun and the Moon and on its seat - the anticipation of eclipses methods .\n\nHipparchus ascertained that the apparent communicate of the sun and moon is uneven. So it became a consign of view that these bodies move uniformly in neb orbits , but the center of the circle is shifted congenator to the center of the Earth. much(prenominal) orbits were called eccentric person . Hipparchus was the table on which it was possible to determine the position of the sun and moon in the sky on any day of the year . As for the planet , then by the discover of Ptolemy , he did other attempts to explain the motions of th e planets , and comfortable putt in run the observations make ​​to him to join them even far more of their own.\n'